A Fundamental Rule Of Networks - 1093 Words

At the very beginning of Chapter 15, Morillo states that â€Å" A fundamental rule about networks is that they carry far more than just material goods†. The whole period that Morillo calls the Late Agrarian Era (1500-1800) explores this idea that goods inevitably come with ideas and cultural practices attached to them. They have the ability to enter any cultural environment and change it completely. In this chapter Morillo divides the commodities into groups, and the three groups of commodities that I am going to discuss include â€Å" The Columbian Exchange†, â€Å"High value luxury goods † and â€Å"Human Commodities(slave trade)† The Columbian Exchange occurred when Columbus came to the Americas.The exchange involved a transaction between the American†¦show more content†¦Tobacco and chocolate were promoted as food, drinks, and drugs. Tobacco was said to cure scrofula, rheumatism and a good number of other ailments. Other crops including tomatoes spread despite being considered as being dangerous. Some other American crops that spread included maize, squash, peppers, and potatoes, these crops encouraged significant population growths in southern China from the seventeenth century and also became staple crops in northern Europe. The spreading of new crops and cattles affected the reshaping of local landscapes. This gave way for the introduction of new crops in different climates. Crops like wheat came from Europe and spread through the America’s and domestic animals like pigs, cattle, and horses. This shift in landscape was eminent in the Caribbean islands, where many indigenous animals went e xtinct along with the native people of the Island. Pigs, rats, sugarcane , coffee, and slave populations became the new inhabitants of the Caribbeans. The Columbian exchange influenced a networking world and simulated global commerce.Many of the world’s best local cuisines are a result of the columbian exchange, There was an introduction of hamburgers with ketchup, the chili peppers in Indian curries, pasta and tomato sauce etc.Some crops were easy to grow in multitudes of climates like potatoes. These crops did not bring a lot of people money, but spices like cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, coriander and

Expository Paper - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1147 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2018/12/18 Category Literature Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Topics: Learning Essay Did you like this example? Introduction The expository paper is a category of the essay that requires the student to develop an argument concerning the idea in that paper whether its clear and concise manner. A written good essay allows the reader to understand the information in the essay. To develop a good essay there are the guidelines that need to be followed. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Expository Paper" essay for you Create order Examples the writer has to decide what he wants to write, preparing the outlines of the topics. The writer has to write a thesis statement which introduces the essay which explains the discussed topics. Proper use of grammar and punctuation have to be used, the writer is also required to develop clear and understandable paragraph in the body. Moreover, conclusions at the end are important because of the recommendation of the discussed topic. When this all guidelines are applied in the essay the students will able to pass the information and hence get the good grade. Sonny blues is an essay written by James Baldwin, the essay is not clear and concise manner because of the following reason. Introduction format Firstly, the introduction in the essay is not in a concise manner, a good introduction prepares the person reading the information. The introduction should inform and give the facts of the topic straight up. Also gives the reader the interest in reading the story, it attracts the minds due to proper arrangement of the flow of the story. After reading the introduction the reader is able to tell what the topic is about and the expectation. In the sonny blues essay, the introduction is not clear and its hard to explain the information conveyed by the writer. They are also poor grammar and punctuation in the introduction which contributes to a poor grade (Irmscher, p, 30). The writer has repeated word many times in the introduction ?I read this makes the introduction to be boring and difficult to understand. The writer has also used poor grammar in the introduction example ?spelling out the story this makes the reader become bored and may not get the information the writer is conveying . Transition In addition, the writer of Sonny blues has not used transition in the essay. Transition words are used to link words, sentence and the phrases in the essay. They attract the mind of the reader and give him the deeper understanding of the story. Transition words assist the reader to progress from the one information to the next information in the paragraph. They also improve the information conveyed by giving the sentence weight, especially where they are important information that the writer wants to convey. Moreover, the transition words build up coherent relationship inside the text. The Sonny blues essay lack transition words in the paragraph, this make it difficult to understand the information that the writer is conveying. The writer could have used the transition word so that he can be able to attract the reader attention. Lack of transition word in the essay makes it more boring and the reader may ignore some part of it hence missing the information conveyed. Topic sentence Furthermore, the Sonny blues essay lack the topic sentence which is very important when writing an essay. The topic sentence helps the reader to identify the main idea in the paragraph; it always appears first before starting the paragraph. The topic sentence introduces the point the writer wants to talk about, it usually guides the reader when reading. It also shows the flow of the story the writer is narrating, this helps the reader to capture the message in an easier war. The writer of the Sonny blues did not use the topic sentence in the essay; this makes reading difficult to understand what the writer is talking about. It hard to understand some sentence in the paragraph this result to different ideas in the same paragraph; these ideas tend to confuse the reader. Topic sentence mostly attracts the reader attention and gives him the moral of reading the story, in the Sonny blues the writer have to ignore the topic sentence hence boring the reader. Short paragraph containing different ideas Additionally, the writer of Sonny blues has used short paragraph which has no meaning. He has also used the wrong paragraph which the sentence has been repeated several. The paragraph in an essay should discuss ideas in the sentence topic, this attract the mind of the reader and get the information easily. The effective paragraph contains the following topic sentence which contains the ideas to be discussed in the paragraph. Coherence is another factor to be considered, which refer to how the flow of ideas has been discussed in the paragraph. Moreover, the paragraph should be adequately developed this describes and explain the topic sentence. And also they should be unity of sentence; this explains how the ideas of the paragraph have been connected together. Through the paragraph will able to convey the message the writer is trying to, this will attract the reader attention and also been able to understand the story. The Sonny blues story paragraph have not been constructed well, s ome paragraph contains more than one idea which results in different ideas in one paragraph. This tends to confuse the reader and may get tired of reading the story. Wrong punctuation Additionally, the writer in the Sonny blues has punctuated the sentence wrong resulting in different information from which he wants to narrate. Punctuation is the application of conventional signs and spacing. Punctuation allows correct reading of the paragraph and also helps the reader to understand the information or the story narrated by the writer. English punctuation is a must because the reader cannot understand the information communicated without punctuation marks. In the Sonny blues, the writer has used punctuation wrong making difficult to understand the story he is narrating. He has used wrong punctuation in the conversation example, sure, I said. You do that. So long this is wrong conversation statements it confuses the reader and he may lack to get the information the writer is conveying. Conclusions In conclusions, to develop a good essay they are some important factor should be considered. These are proper punctuation, topic sentence, use of grammar and vocabulary. These factors help the reader to get the information conveyed by the writer. When they have ignored especially the punctuation they tend to change the information of the writer. Proper punctuation, good grammar, and use of topic sentence they attract the attention of the reader. This helps him to understand and have the moral of reading the story. The writer in Sonny blues has ignored this factor resulting in poor essay format and different ideology in the same paragraph. Works Cited Hidi, Suzanne, and Valerie Anderson. Situational interest and its impact on reading and expository writing. The role of interest in learning and development 11 (1992): 213-214. Irmscher, William F. Teaching expository writing. Harcourt School, 1979.

Viable System Model Free Essays

ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR III ASSIGNMENT â€Å"VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL (VSM) AS APPLIED TO A MAJOR ORGANIZATION† Study of Viable Systems Model at ITC Ltd. Submitted by: Daksh Kumar Anand Uh11013 Introduction This paper is intended as study of the Viable System Model for better understanding. It deals with some of the basic concepts embodied in the model, the modeling process, and its use in practice in ITC Ltd. We will write a custom essay sample on Viable System Model or any similar topic only for you Order Now ITC’s transformation from cigarette to a conglomerate. Why we need Organizational Models We all interpret the world through models; these can be explicit, or tacit. For all managers in all organizations, their ability to manage a situation or organization effectively is in direct proportion to the accuracy and relevance of the models they are using to understand it. By far the most common organizational model in use in management today is still the hierarchical model though it has various disadvantages. What it doesn’t model is any of the more fundamental things about the organization: what it is, what it does, how it does it, its processes, formal and informal structures, communications and information transfers, or decision making. The VSM (Viable Systems Model) offers a more sophisticated alternative, one that can be used both for diagnosing existing organizations, and for designing new ones. The Viable Systems Model: The  viable systems model or  VSM  is a  model  of the organizational structure of any viable or  autonomous  system. A viable system is any system organized in such a way as to meet the demands of surviving in the changing environment. One of the prime features of systems that survive is that they are adaptable. The VSM expresses a model for a viable system, which is an bstracted  cybernetic (regulation theory) description that is applicable to any organization that is a viable system and capable of autonomy. A viable system is composed of five interacting subsystems which may be mapped onto aspects of organizational structure. In broad terms Systems 1–3  are concerned with the ‘here and now’ of the organization’s operations, System 4 is concerned wit h the ‘there and then’ – strategical responses to the effects of external, environmental and future demands on the organization. System 5 is concerned with balancing the ‘here and now’ and the ‘there and then’ to give policy directives which maintain the organization as a viable entity. * System 1 (Operations)  in a viable system contains several primary activities. Each System 1 primary activity is itself a viable system due to the recursive nature of systems as described above. These are concerned with performing a function that implements at least part of the key transformation of the organization. System 2 (Coordination)  represents the information channels and bodies that allow the primary activities in System 1 to communicate between each other and which allow System 3 to monitor and co-ordinate the activities within System 1. * System 3 (Operations Planning ; Control)  represents the structures and controls that are put into place to establish the rules, resources, rights and responsibilities of System 1 and to provide an interface with Systems 4/5. System 4  (Developme nt Research and marketing) – The bodies that make up System 4 are responsible for looking outwards to the environment to monitor how the organization needs to adapt to remain viable. * System 5 (Decisions to maintain identity) –  is responsible for policy decisions within the organization as a whole to balance demands from different parts of the organization and steer the organization as a whole. According to the above descriptions, these systems can be organized into three groups reflecting the three management perspectives: * Operational Management (Systems 1,2,3) Strategic Management (System 4) * Normative Management (System 5) VIABLE SYSTEMS MODEL AT ITC LIMITED ITC was incorporated on August 24, 1910 under the name Imperial Tobacco Company of India Limited. In recognition of the Company’s multi-business portfolio encompassing a wide range of businesses – Cigarettes Tobacco, Hotels, Information Technology, Packaging, Paperboards Specialty Papers, Agri-business, Foods, Lifestyle Retailing, Education Stationery and Personal Care – the full stops in the Company’s name were removed effective September 18, 2001. The Company now stands rechristened ‘ITC Limited’. The success of ITC lies in the fact that it has been able to adapt to the changing environment and market needs through searching more and more viable options for sustainable growth. Let us apply the VSM model in systematic fashion: * System 1 (Operations)  in a viable system contains several primary activities. Though the first six decades of the Company’s existence were primarily devoted to the growth and consolidation of the  Cigarettes and Leaf Tobacco businesses, the Seventies witnessed the beginnings of a corporate transformation that ushered in momentous changes in the life of the Company. It entered into the chosen portfolio of FMCG, Hotels, Paper, Paperboards Packaging, Agro Business and Information Technology. These were chosen on the basis of internal capabilities, the emerging opportunities in these areas and confidence that ITC would be able to achieve leadership positions in these business segments. * System 2 (Coordination)  ITC has a diverse portfolio of product offerings and proper coordination between them is necessary and it does take place even at the very basic level. E. g. ne of the primary products in its portfolio — Aashirvaad Atta [wheat flour] — is today a leader in its segment within a very short time since its launch. Its success is an example of the synergies that ITC derives from the diversity of its businesses. ITC’s pioneering rural initiative, the e-Choupal network, enables cost effective sourcing of wheat but, more importantly, lends a competitive strength given the traceability of the commodity through identity-preser ved procurement. This enables customized blending, which again is a strength honed from the practice of tobacco lending over the years, to support local tastes and preferences. This is a perfect example of how the coordination takes place in ITC Ltd. * System 3 (Operations Planning ; Control) Flowing from the philosophy and core principles, Corporate Governance in ITC takes place at three interlinked levels, namely – * Strategic supervision by the Board of Directors * Strategic management by the Corporate Management Committee * Executive management by the Divisional Chief Executive assisted by the Divisional Management Committee. It is ITC’s belief that the right balance between freedom of management and accountability to shareholders can be achieved by segregating strategic supervision from strategic and executive management. This 3-tier structure ensures that a. Strategic supervision (on behalf of the shareholders), being free from involvement in the task of strategic management of the Company, can be conducted by the Board with objectivity, thereby sharpening accountability of management. b. Strategic management of the Company, uncluttered by the day-to-day tasks of executive management, remains focused and energised; and c. Executive management of the divisional business, free from collective strategic responsibilities for ITC as a whole, gets focused on enhancing the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of its business. ITC also benchmark the health of each business comprehensively across the criteria of Market Standing, Profitability and Internal Vitality. * System 4  (Development Research and marketing) – ITC is committed to delivering world-class products and services. This requires a clear focus on continuously striving to create a higher value to customers by achieving excellence in all Company’s operations. ITC always look out to know the customer demands and needs and work upon them. e. g. ITC’s hotels business and its master chefs interact with millions of consumers throughout the year and are able to understand the nuances of regional and local tastes that delight the consumer palette. This knowledge is utilized by the foods business to deliver a superior and differentiated product. System 5 (Decisions to maintain identity) –  ITC has developed core values in order to bring out the balance between demands of the organization as well as the demands of the customers. ITC’s Core Values are aimed at developing a customer-focused, high-performance organization which creates value for all its stakeholders and these are: * Trusteeship * Customer Focus * Respect for People * Excellence * Innovation * Nation Orientation. It is clear from the above discussion that ITC follows the Viable Systems Model up to a great extent which is a reason for its sustenance in dynamic environment. How to cite Viable System Model, Papers

Difference Between Leadership Theory And Leadership Style - Sample

Questions: 1. what is the difference between leadership and management? 2. what is the difference between leadership theory and leadership style? 3. What are the changes made in leadership style due to the evolving leadership role? 4. What are the challenges a leader has to face today in health care system? 5. What are the leadership models practised in nursing? 6. What is the nursing theories influence in a leadership role? 7. What are the important values that a nurse leader should emulate and how does leadership theorist influence on nursing? 8. How does safety, quality and values impact the nursing leader role? Answers: 1. what is the difference between leadership and management? Leader: Nurse practitioner is a person who motivates and influences the team to achieve the goals and mission of their organisation in a most effective and efficient manner. Leadership can be formal or informal to the health care organization. A nurse is said to be an effective leader because of allocating the resources and streamlining the workforce. The responsibilities that are associated with the nurse leader is designing the policy and implementing it as a new policy or procedure, challenging the health policies, which are imposed by the government or the institution authority, etc. (Mensik, 2015). Nurse Management is connected with the field of nursing which deals with the patients. The role of the nurse manager is to carry out the work or responsibilities given within the timelines prescribed by taking the help of financial and personal resources, which is allocated in order to meet the objectives and goals of the organization. The nurse manager has the power of making an excellent decision that will be implemented for the wellbeing of the organization. An effective management program is required to facilitate the hospitals, residential and clinical facilities those use the nurse services ('Preparing for leadership', 2014). 2. what is the difference between leadership theory and leadership style? Leaders: Nurse Leaders motivate the team by applying some leadership theories. These theories focus on the leader followers as well as the contextual nature of the leadership. There are various kinds of theories that used by the leaders that include skilled-based theory; transformational theory, transactional theory and behaviourist theory, etc. leadership style, and leadership theory are very relevant to each other. Leadership style is a part of the behaviourist theory that is modelled on a leaders behaviour. There are many kinds of leadership style, which are used by the nurses. Among them, servant leadership is one of the most popular leadership styles (Spitzer, 2015). In this style, the servant leader makes sure that the needs of the members involved in the team are fulfilled or not. This management involves the decision of the member involved in the team that are based on the values and ideas of the organisation. Transformational leadership is another type of leadership style based on the motivating the team members and building relationships with a mission and vision. This type of leader has the confidence to inspire other team members, to communicate vision, respecting the other members of the team and maintaining loyalty to them to make them feel important (WALLIS KENNEDY, 2012). Democratic leadership: This type of leadership encourages performing open communication and participation of the team members in decision-making. The members involved in this type are given accountability, responsibility and feedback depending on their performance (Levesque, 2012). The leader of this type gives important to the relationships that focus on the improvement of the quality of the process and the system rather focusing on the mistakes done by the members of the team. Autocratic leadership: In this leadership style the leader does not involve the suggestion or decision of the team members. Knowledge is treated as the power, and critical information are avoided from the team (Cummings, 2011). This type of leadership does not tolerate the mistake of the other members rather than the faculty makes it. However, there is a positive side of this leadership style that it works in the emergencies where there is no time for any discussion. Laissez faire leadership: In this style the leader does not make any decision and does not provide direction but takes a hands-off approach. This type is often used by the new leader or those who are at the end of their career ('80/20 Projects: Introduction', 2012). 3. What are the changes made in leadership style due to the evolving leadership role? Leader: Many changes are made within the leadership styles to achieve results that are more effective. The changes that have been made are the change from the authoritative style to participative style. The new style has included the participation of other team members in making a decision that was not included in the authoritative style. One of the most important changes that have made is the ability to manage the priorities and the expectation of the employees, community, suppliers, etc. 4. What are the challenges a leader has to face today in health care system? Leader: For making change in the health care systems, leaders have to face many challenges, which include: Making changes in the value-based models: Leaders put practices of the governance and infrastructure to support the value based programs even though the providers have money for the service revenue. However, many suppliers are concerned that may be the cost of the building and the maintenance of the organisation are not supported by the revenue money (Keselman, 2012). Reacting effectively to the economic progress of the local markets: The organisation of the health is which is shifting to the value-based programs they must relate or know the limits and the realities of the economic state of the market. It should also contend the strategies of the employers for the deduction of the health care cost and concentrating on the market player and the practice associated with the physician. Growing and protecting the market share: Growing the share of the market is a concern of all the companies to have a competitive edge on the competitors. Generating a high share of revenue is required and to attain the high position in the market. The executives are driven towards looking at the different partnerships with other organisations or any other agencies. Development of substitute profit earning sources: For providing proper diagnostic services to the suffering people, a higher reserve of cash is necessary. The decreasing amount of revenue of these medical centres is uplifted by the services regarding the development of medical services and patient care services (Bender, Connelly, Glaser Brown, 2012). The inclusion of operational costs: one of the major concerns of these health care service providers is regarding the increasing cost of the services provided. The workers are always concerned towards reducing the cost of the operations. The different methods applied to control these costs are through the process of minimum utilisation of resources and following standardisation policies. Even the financially healthy medical centres are opting to minimize the cost of running the centre. 5. What are the leadership models practised in nursing? Leader: Leadership models practised in nursing are of two types that include Group Practice Model and Professional Practice Model. The model of practicing with the group is about the practice supported by the principles and visions. Here, the care is totally given to the affected people without discontinuing the service of care. Here, the care workers try to create a strong and friendly relationship between the patients and the care workers. Relationship-based care, a care service that contain three main factors of care of the family members, caring for the suffering people, focussing on the improvement of the relationship between the patients and their families (Finkelman Kenner, 2007). 6. What is the nursing theories influence in a leadership role? Leader: The leadership theories influence the nursing in a great manner. Nurses used these theories to manipulate the surrounding of the environment to improve the outcomes of the patients. It also provides the appropriate care that is needed for the development of the patient. There are four important theories that are involved in nursing they are as follows: Grand theories: These theories are complex and broad. They cannot identify the species those are needed for practice implementation. To apply this theory, specific research is needed to get the appropriate interventions. Middle theories: These theories are the most reflective and specific of an actual practice of nursing. They emphasize on the specific topic in nursing like the end of life. Implementation of this theory can communicate to various areas of the nursing practice. Descriptive theories: this theory describes or gives an explanation about the incident that occurs and the consequences associated with it. They can be applied directly in patient assessment but do not have a direct intervention of specific nursing (Bender, Connelly, Glaser Brown, 2012). Prescriptive theories: These theories relate directly to the interventions of specific nursing and describe the phenomenon. This theory is implemented in research setting and is used to observe the intervention validity as it is action oriented. There are some other leadership theories used in influencing nursing that includes environmental manipulation theory, nurse-patient relationship, self-care deficit theory, culture care theory and system model theory. 7. What are the important values that a nurse leader should emulate and how does leadership theorist influence on nursing? Leader: The nursing theorist has a great impact on developing and influencing the practice, such as Henderson. His theory states that the nurses should play the role of providing the tools to the patients to participate actively in their care. When the patient is unable to perform, their activities nurses should assist them. 8. How does safety, quality and values impact the nursing leader role? Leader: Nurses have a great impact on the safety, values and quality in a health care place. To maintain these things they coordinate care provider, monitor, and assist the patient as per their requirement to reduce the risk factors of the patient leading to get positive interventions (Blouin Buturusis, 2012). Summary: The information that gained from this interview will highly influence the career in the field of nursing. By getting the idea of the leadership theories and the leadership styles which are implemented in the nursing practice will enhance my career in this will and it also help to get knowledge that what kind of strategies can be chosen in my practice and will able to maintain the quality, values, safety of the health care areas. References 80/20 Projects: Introduction. (2012). Nursing Leadership, 25(sp), 33-36. doi:10.12927/cjnl.2012.22813 Bender, M., Connelly, C., Glaser, D., Brown, C. (2012). Clinical Nurse Leader Impact on Microsystem Care Quality. Nursing Research, 61(5), 326-332. doi:10.1097/nnr.0b013e318265a5b6 Blouin, A., Buturusis, B. (2012). Addressing the Critical Role of Nurse Leaders in Advancing Quality and Safety. Nurse Leader, 10(6), 22-25. doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2012.09.002 Cummings, G. (2011). The Call for Leadership to Influence Patient Outcomes. Nursing Leadership, 24(2), 22-25. doi:10.12927/cjnl.2011.22459 Finkelman, A., Kenner, C. (2007). Why should nurse leaders care about the status of nursing education?. Nurse Leader, 5(6), 23-27. doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2007.09.006 Keselman, D. (2012). Ethical Leadership. Holistic Nursing Practice, 26(5), 259-261. doi:10.1097/hnp.0b013e318263f2da Levesque, P. (2012). Virtual Leadership in Nursing Education. Nurse Educator, 37(5), 211-213. doi:10.1097/nne.0b013e318262abb6 Mensik, J. (2015). Leaning Into Leadership. Nurse Leader, 13(2), 19-20. doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2015.01.011 Preparing for leadership. (2014). The Nurse Practitioner, 39(2), 6. doi:10.1097/01.npr.0000441916.33934.e9 Spitzer, R. (2015). An Effective Leadership Paradigm. Nurse Leader, 13(2), 8. doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2015.01.016 WALLIS, A., KENNEDY, K. (2012). Leadership training to improve nurse retention. Journal Of Nursing Management, 21(4), 624-632. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01443.x Wessel, S. (2015). Start Strong: What Every New Nurse Leader Should Do Beginning on Day One. Nurse Leader, 13(1), 62-64. doi:10.1016/j.mnl.2014.05.021